Learning Skill Essay Example for Free

Learning Skill Essay Q1. Write an essay on why you decided to continue your tertiary education. In your answer also include why WOU was your choice of university. Everyone hope to live in better or luxury life, so do I. But holding only diploma in accounting would not grant me any further opportunity in the fact that nowadays the employers are so arduous and looking forward for more competent and capable candidate. Therefore I make up my mind to pursue higher education for a better career advancement and keep the skills and knowledge up to date. Continuing tertiary education can enhance my marketable skills. Advance to degree means that I learning new skills. A set of skills imparted from this course will help me in the current society. These skills also help me to perform better in my current career, make me more competitive and have the opportunity for promotions (Girl 2014). Tertiary education also increases my earning potential (Girl 2014). In the current career market, the higher your education, the higher your position and the higher your pay (Harrison 2013). From Jobstreet salary report, a finance manager earnings average from RM5,800 to RM8,600 per month (JobStreet. com 2014). In current economy, higher earning is important for a better living life. Continuing my education will gives me advanced knowledge about my area of study. From researching assignments and advanced courses, I will gain additional knowledge relates to my career. Learning from established experts, I will also earn a reputation as an expert in my field too (Harrison 2013). Choosing WOU as my choice as it suits for my part-time study and more flexible. It provides me to study online and have distance learning (University 2014). WOU cuts down my travelling time and cost and only attend classes once a month. I am able to choose the course and plan to study that suits my time that provided by WOU. Other than education, WOU is a place where I can enhance my professional skills and gaining knowledge from the lecturers and students which will makes me become a more valuable and marketable in my career. It is never too late to go back to study. I appreciates that WOU is one of the online study provider that let me study with ease and continuing my education which can fit my studies, working and social life. I can have a degree without having to commit to campus life and receive the degree from my home (Girl 2014).

The Unforgetable A Rose for Emily :: A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner

The Unforgetable A Rose for Emily In "A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner, we see how past events effect the main character Miss Emily, especially her mental state. She seems to live in a sort of fantasy world where death has no real meaning. Miss Emily refuses to accept or even recognize, the death of her father or that of Colonel Satoris. She does not want to acknowledge the fact that the world around her was changing therefore Miss Emily surrounds herself with death. What Faulkner tries to state in this story is that you should not let death overpower your life. A person should try and let go of their beloved ones after they have passed away. He also tries to state is to always expect the unexpected, like when Miss Emily killed Homer. Faulkner chooses to use third person narration in this particular story for a couple of reasons. He tries to show Emily's world to us as seen through the eyes of a respectable resident, so we can understand the town life as if we lived there. This way we were able to understand how the people of Jefferson thought of her. If the story would have been told in first person we would not have been able to relate to Miss Emily. The reason for that would be, if she would have been the narrator we would have understood the story in a hole different manner. Faulkner used third person narration and from that we were able to find out many things about Miss Emily's past. For instance the death of her father, the love she had for Homer, and how she felt the need for affection. Those ideas she would have kept to herself, if she were to have told the story. The language and dialogue that Faulkner provides Miss Emily with enables the readers to understand how she feels about the town. She is not very pleased with the changes that have occurred therefore she lets everyone that she comes in contact with know how she views those specific changes. For example when the new Mayor tells her that she owes taxes in Jefferson, she just keeps on insisting that she does not owe any money.

Impacts of the Modern Atomic Model Essay

The Bohr model is a primitive model of the hydrogen atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics, and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics, before moving on to the more accurate but more complex valence shell atom. A related model was originally proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910, but was rejected. The quantum theory of the period between Planck’s discovery of the quantum(1900) and the advent of a full-blown quantum mechanics (1925) is often referred to as the old quantum theory. The economics of our world are based around money and social status within the population. The economics of a country could cause its leaders to change, prices to skyrocket, and eventually its economic situation could affect the rest of the world. For example, Hitler came to power in Germany because the Germans were going through an economic crisis. Hitler promised them that he could get them out of that depression, and because the people of Germany believed him and gave him power, Hitler was able to start a mass assassination of people in other countries. However, the point isn’t about world domination through economics, it is about the people involved in the economy and how they are affected. It is about the people who live their life based on moving up the economic ladder, making more money, and having a higher power in the economy. In Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky presents different characters who represent diverse levels in the economics of the country in which they are living. He uses Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladov to show the group of people who are on the low level of society. Dostoevsky also uses Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin to show the class of people who use their money and status to control others; these are the people on the high level of society.

What Is Luminosity and What does it Tell Us

How bright is a star? A planet? A galaxy? When astronomers want to answer those questions, they express the brightnesses of these objects using the term luminosity. It describes the brightness of an object in space. Stars and galaxies give off various forms of light.  What kind  of light they emit or radiate tells how energetic they are. If the object is a planet it doesnt emit light; it reflects it. However, astronomers also use the term luminosity to discuss planetary brightnesses. The greater the greater the luminosity of an object, the brighter it appears. An object can be very luminous in multiple wavelengnths of light, from visible light, x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave, to radio and gamma rays, It often depends on the intensity of the light being given off, which is a function of how energetic the object is. Each object in this star cluster, including the clouds of gas and dust, has a brightness that can be described as its luminosity. The star cluster Pismis 24 also contains the star Pismis 24-1b. ESO/IDA/Danish 1.5/ R. Gendler, U.G. Jà ¸rgensen, J. Skottfelt, K. Harpsà ¸e Stellar Luminosity Most people can get a very general idea of an objects luminosity simply by looking at it. If it appears bright, it has a higher luminosity than if its dim. However, that appearance can be deceptive. Distance also affects the apparent brightness of an object. A distant, but very energetic star can appear dimmer to us than a lower-energy, but closer one. A view of the star Canopus, as seen from the International Space Station. It has a luminosity 15,000 times that of the Sun. It lies 309 light-years away from us. NASA Astronomers determine a stars luminosity by looking at its size and its effective temperature. The effective temperature is expressed in degrees  Kelvin, so the Sun is 5777 kelvins. A quasar (a distant, hyper-energetic object in the center of a massive galaxy) could be as much as 10 trillion degrees Kelvin. Each of their effective temperatures results in a different brightness for the object. The quasar, however, is very far away, and so appears dim.   The luminosity that matters when it comes to understanding whats powering an object, from stars to quasars, is the intrinsic luminosity. Thats a  measure of the amount of energy it actually emits in all directions each second regardless of where it lies in the universe. Its a way of understanding the processes inside the object that help make it bright. Another way to deduce a stars luminosity is to measure its apparent brightness (how it appears to the eye) and compare that to its distance. Stars that are farther away appear dimmer than those closer to us, for example. However, an object might also be dim-looking because the light is being absorbed by gas and dust that lies between us. To get an accurate measure of the luminosity of a celestial object, astronomers use specialized instruments, such as a bolometer. In astronomy, they are used mainly in radio wavelengths — in particular, the submillimeter range. In most cases, these are specially cooled instruments to one degree above absolute zero to be their most sensitive. Luminosity and Magnitude Another way to understand and measure an objects brightness is through its magnitude. Its a useful thing to know if youre stargazing since it helps you understand how observers can refer to stars brightnesses with respect to each other. The magnitude number takes into account an objects luminosity and its distance. Essentially, a second-magnitude object is about two and a half times brighter than a third-magnitude one, and two and a half times dimmer than a first-magnitude object. The lower the number, the brighter the magnitude. The Sun, for example, is magnitude  -26.7.  The star Sirius is magnitude -1.46. Its 70 times more luminous than the Sun, but it lies 8.6 light-years away and is slightly dimmed by distance. Its important to understand that a very bright object at a great distance can appear very dim because of its distance, whereas a dim object that is much closer can look brighter. All objects in the universe have a brightness that is defined by a number called its magnitude. Each of these stars has a different magnitude. European Southern Observatory Apparent magnitude is the brightness of an object as it appears in the sky as we observe it, regardless of how far away it is. The absolute magnitude is really a measure of the intrinsic brightness of an object. Absolute magnitude doesnt really care about distance; the star or galaxy will still emit that amount of energy no matter how far away the observer is. That makes it more useful to help understand how bright and hot and large an object really is.   Spectral Luminosity In most cases, luminosity is meant to relate how much energy is being emitted by an object in all the forms of light it radiates (visual, infrared, x-ray, etc.). Luminosity is the term that we apply to all wavelengths, regardless of where they lie on the electromagnetic spectrum.  Astronomers study the different wavelengths of light from celestial objects by taking the incoming light and using a spectrometer or spectroscope to break the light into its component wavelengths. This method is called spectroscopy and it gives great insight into the processes that make objects shine. Each element in the universe has a unique spectral fingerprint. Astronomers use these spectra to determine the makeup of objects, and their spectra can also reveal their motions and other characteristics. NASA   Each celestial object is bright in specific wavelengths of light; for example,  neutron stars are typically very bright in the x-ray and radio bands (though not always; some are brightest in gamma-rays). These objects are said to have high x-ray and radio luminosities. They often have very low optical luminosities. Stars radiate in very broad sets of wavelengths, from the visible to infrared and ultraviolet; some very energetic stars are also bright in radio and x-rays. The central black holes of galaxies lie in regions that give off tremendous amounts of x-rays, gamma-rays, and radio frequencies, but may look fairly dim in visible light. The heated clouds of gas and dust where stars are born can be very bright in the infrared and visible light. The newborns themselves are quite bright in the ultraviolet and visible light.   Fast Facts An objects brightness is called its luminosity.The brightness of an object in space is often defined by a numerical figure called its magnitude.Objects can be bright in more than one set of wavelengths. For example, the Sun is bright in optical (visible) light but is also considered bright in x-rays at times, as well as ultraviolet and infrared. Sources Cool Cosmos, coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/luminosity.html.â€Å"Luminosity | COSMOS.†Ã‚  Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/L/Luminosity.MacRobert, Alan. â€Å"The Stellar Magnitude System: Measuring Brightness.†Ã‚  Sky Telescope, 24 May 2017, www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/the-stellar-magnitude-system/. Edited and revised by Carolyn Collins Petersen

U.s. s Welfare Programs - 2331 Words

Introduction This paper explores five different sources that report information about the U.S.’s welfare programs. The sources discuss when welfare first came about as well as the changes that have occurred over the years. This paper will inform, analyze, and state my opinion on the affect of welfare in the United States. I will discuss the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, the Welfare-to-Work initiative, and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). This paper will state my opinion of the welfare changes made in Congress in 1996, after giving you details of what was changed in the welfare programs. History of Welfare One of the biggest helps of the government is known as welfare. The welfare I am referring to is the financial help provided by the government to those in need. The United States Welfare programs and policies were put into place to help make individuals more self-sufficient, but it has been taken for granted by far more people than it has been intended to help. Aid to Dependent Children or ADC (later renamed Aid to Families with Dependent Children, AFDC) was under the Social Security act of 1935. Aid to Dependent Children was established to provide support to mothers with children who were below the poverty line. These programs created are called safety net programs, because they offer some type of coverage for those who find themselves without jobs or income. These programs work differently in each state, andShow MoreRelatedThe Temporary Assistance For Needy Families1536 Words   |  7 Pages(TANF) program that was established in 1996. It examines the development and goals of the policy as well as addresses the target population that benefits from this program. A review of the agencies associated with TANF and the benefits the program provides to its clients is also given. In addition, the funding sources of TANF are addressed. Lastly, it examines the social issue this program is meant to address. Policy Paper 1: Analysis of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program IntroductionRead MoreThe Preamble Of The Constitution1632 Words   |  7 PagesConstitution it states that one of the reasons the U. S. Constitution was set up was to promote the general welfare of the people. This provision foresees the legal American right for citizens to have its government serve the welfare of the people. However, the constitution states that this welfare is for the people’s general welfare– not welfare which takes resources from the people to benefit certain states or certain people. Those who receive the welfare are mainly poor and not actively seeking jobs;Read MoreThe Issue Of Welfare And Welfare1360 Words   |  6 Pagessocial security payment. This is essentially what welfare is. Welfare comes in all different shapes and sizes but its main focus is to take money from taxes and hand it out to the people who need it. Now welfare as a whole is a very understandable system and is very helpful to those who fall out of work and need a little help to sustain themselves while they get back on their feet. However, people are living on welfare and will always live on welfare until the government makes improvements within itsRead More Wellfare Reform Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagestwenty years, welfare fraud and abuse has become an overwhelming problem. Large numbers of people are living off the government alone, with no attempt of finding work. Our welfare system is out of date and needs to be slimmed down. Congress needs to eliminate the mindset of Americans that welfare can be used as a free ride through life. No matter how liberal or conservative, all politicians agree that welfare costs could be greatly reduced if abuse and fraud were eliminated. Welfare was first introducedRead More Argument for Welfare in the United States Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesTemporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF), as described by Robert Kuttner, is a government aid program designed to help all of the working poor rise out of poverty. It includes tuition reimbursements, wage supplements, and above all, childcare? (Kuttner). It creates a more equal opportunity for those at a disadvantage to improve themselves and their situation. TANF, which limits the time families can remain on welfare, appears to be a smashing success (Cohn). First, if eligibility were to become stricterRead MoreWelfare Reform : The United States1457 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare Welfare s purpose should be to eliminate, as far as possible, the need for its own existence. Ronald Reagan said this statement on January of 1970 when the Los Angeles Times interviewed him (Williamson). Federal government funded welfare in the United States started in the 1930s during the Great Depression. Because of the vast numbers of people out of work and with insufficient funds to buy food for their families, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a program to giveRead MoreWelfare Policy And The American Government1162 Words   |  5 Pages Welfare Policy Lana Eliot Sociology 320 Professor Mentor March 26, 2016 When a person first hears the word welfare, they think of free money, food and lazy people. This is such a stereotyped opinion of all that the welfare system is and what it does for millions of individuals and families in the United States. To socially define welfare one could view it as a: social effort designed to promote the basic physical and material well-being of people in need† (dictionary.com). BecauseRead More Proposal To Reduce Unemployment Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees in the situation that they lose their jobs. The unemployment benefits provides temporary financial assistance to eligible workers who are unemployed through no fault of his/her own. Under this, each state administers a separate insurance program to provide financial service to those qualified under state law. In order to meet these requirements an employee must have a base period, or wages earned during a certain time. The base period is usually the first four out of all five calendar qu artersRead MoreChild Welfare Services Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pageschose to research about is Child Welfare Services. This topic has a variety of different regulations and forms that makes this program run. Child Welfare Services have been around for quite some time and has been helping out as much as they are allowed to. This program has a time line of many important events that all build up the Child Welfare program. First off in 1909 the white house had the first national Conference on the Care of Dependent Children (Child Welfare League of America, n.d.). TheseRead MoreEssay on Current US Welfare Reform 763 Words   |  4 PagesThe current (US) welfare reform consists of more than cash payment that the poor US citizen could bank on. There is a monthly payment that each poor person received in spite of their ability to work. The main people who received this payment were both mothers and children. Moreover, the payment does not have time limit and those people could not remain on the welfare for the rest of their live. However, US citizen begun to be uncomfortable with the old welfare system by the 1990’s because it did

The Space Race - 746 Words

The space race was an important time in history, for the U.S, USSR, and the rest of the world. Soon after World War II, the Soviet Union and United States began a global battle, communism against democracy. Space became a huge entity in the war. Each side spend billions on besting each others achievements in what later became known as the famous Space Race. The Cold War was the United States capitalists, versus the Soviet communists. It wasnt an actual war, but more of a grudge, because there wasnt any real fighting going on. It began in the late 1950s, after World War II. The war ended after the Berlin Wall was torn down, and the USSR fell in 1991. Although they hated each other, both powers had a mutual enemy, NAZI Germany.†¦show more content†¦In 1961, John F. Kennedy made a public claim to land a man on the moon before the end of the decade. Sputnik was credited for instigating President Kennedys declaration. (Moskowitz) It was big deal, it was also the most popular thing at the time, and something everybody was talking about. Many U.S. citizens became worried when Sputnik Is launch was announced. None of them were willing to lose to the Soviets (The Space Race Lifts Off). In 1959, the Soviets launched Luna II, which hits the moon. It took thirty three and a half hours to land. The mission confirmed that the Moon had no mag netic field, and did not find any evidence of radiation belts their either (Bell). Nasa was established on July 29, 1958. It was created to counter the Soviets Sputnik (NASA created). The goal was To reach new heights and reveal the unknown so that what we do will benefit all humankind (Daines). NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Agency. With the competition rising, and all the growing support, the amount of employees quickly grew from 34,000 to 375,000. The budget also increased almost five hundred percent (Dunbar) going from eighty nine million to 5.9 billion (Space Race: Cold War Front). The first manned mission was Apollo 8, and the first to land on the moon was Apollo 11. Apollo 11 landed July 1969, and six more followed till roughly 1972 (Williams). The spaceship itself have the astronauts about as much room as aShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Space Race755 Words   |  4 Pagesexplore on Earth, Space is infinite. The Space Race was a historical competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for the first humans to reach the moon. Taking place during 1957-1975, the Space Race showcased the determination between the two nations to display who had the superior science and technology knowledge. After the Russians created the first satellite, the United States felt threatened that the Soviet Union would have military control over space and began to race against theirRead MoreEssay On The Space Race707 Words   |  3 PagesThe Space Race Imagine you’re running in a race, all you have to do to win is run fast and go past the finish line first. Now, imagine you’re in another race, but to win you must walk on the moon! The United States and the Soviets had that kind of race during the Cold War, called the Space Race. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a Cold War is â€Å"a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particularRead MoreThe Race to Space Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Race to Space The tension that existed between the U.S. and Russia during the years after WWII was not only a time that both countries patiently tried to keep the world from another war, but was also a time of great rivalry in the exploration of space. As both counties diligently experimented with plans for creating a way to get into the vastness of space, spies on both sides were already in place to steal those ideas. And so the space race begun. Both countries wanted to be the firstRead More Space Race Essay1979 Words   |  8 Pagesancient civilizations to the modern day world, our obsession of going into space has grown from studying the stars to actual exploration of space. We have come a long way since primitive charts of constellations. From telescopes to satellites, we as a population have progressed greatly in the world of technology. In a mere forty years, we have had more technological advances than the Industrial Revolution. The Space Race has affected our everyday lives; we use the same technology that the astronautsRead MoreThe Space Race Essay1912 Words   |  8 PagesThe Space Race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in space. From 1955 until 1975, both sides battled it out to be the leader in the competition. Fueled by the Cold War and other causes of the beginning of the race, the Soviet Union and the United States fought for authority in a very public manner through the media. There were many achievements at this time and it led the way for many great things to come afterwards. The origins of the Space Race can beRead MorePros And Cons Of The Space Race1669 Words   |  7 Pages o | Course Title | Date Contents: o Introduction to the Space race P, 2 o what is the space race and who was involved? P, 3 o Nasa p. 4 o when did it occur p. 5 o COLD WAR p. 6 o pro’s and con’s p.Read MoreEconomic Impact Of The Space Race1486 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Impacts of the Space Race By: Kimia The space race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred during the Cold War. They competed for dominance in space technology and spaceflight, which spurred many significant inventions and events. Some of these inventions and events include the first-ever landing on the moon, the first artificial satellite to be launched into the Earth’s orbit, the establishment of NASA, the invention of the microprocessorRead MoreTaking a Look at the Space Race622 Words   |  2 Pages The Space Race was a 20th century competition between the former Soviet Union and United States for dominion in spaceflight capability and is still an event that generates controversy. Historians and contemporary analysts who claim the United States won the space race frequently cite â€Å"the landing of Apollo 11 on the moon† as the sole reason why the nation won. However, while this event was indeed a triumph, it was stimulated by a series of consecutive feats by the former Soviet Union. The U.S.SRead MoreUp, Up and Away with the Space Race1225 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1965, NASA’s annual budget was $5.2 billion; this money was spent to heat up the Space Race (â€Å"Project Apollo†). The Space Race and its competitive nature is best illustrated in this passage from John F. Kennedy’s Address at Rice University on the nations space effort, â€Å"We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challengeRead MoreEducation Reform and its Impact on Space Race 1513 Words   |  6 Pageshalf of the twentieth century, space travel and the technology which powered it advanced far beyond what any prior civilization could imagine. Inspiring in humanity hope for a future not on Earth. An analysis of the effects of the NASA space program on the United States reveals a radical shift in educational policies, an influx of new an innovative technologies, and a renewed motivation and hope for the future. Perhaps the most significant impact of the space race came through education reform

Importance of English Language free essay sample

A joint-stock company is a business entity which is owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns the portion of the company in proportion to his or her ownership of the companys shares (certificates of ownership). This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a larger proportion of a company than others. Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the continued existence of the company. A voluntary organization which is an artificial person created by law, having limited liability of its members and a perpetual succession with its capital divided into transferable shares and which has a common seal. A joint stock company is a voluntary association formed by people to carry on a certain business for profit. People contribute their capital in the forms of shares in the company. Company works in its own name under a common seal. It has separate entity from its members. Characteristics Of Joint Stock Company: To understand the concept of joint stock (private and public limited) companies, consider the following characteristics: Legal formation: No single individual or a group of individuals can start a business and call it a joint stock company. A joint stock company can come into existence only when it has been registered after completion of all the legal formalities required by the Indian Companies Act, 1984 A company is a voluntary association of persons joining hands with a common motive. For the private company formation, there must be at least two members maximum limit is fifty. For the public company formation, minimum number of members is seven and there is no restriction over its maximum number. Artificial person: Just like an individual takes birth, grows, enters into relationships and dies, a joint stock company takes birth, grows, enters into relationships and dies. However, it is called an artificial person as it’s birth, existence and death are regulated by law. i)a company is lifeless but it has a privilege of human being. ii)A company can sue or can be sued in its own name. iii)A company can own and hold property in its own name. v)A company can enforce the contractual rights against others. v)A company can enter into contracts. Separate legal entity: Being an artificial person, a joint stock company has its own separate existence independent of it’s investors. This means that a joint stock company can own property, enter into contracts and conduct any lawful business in it’s â€Å"own† name. It can sue and can be sued b y others in the court of law. The shareholders are â€Å"not† the owners of the property owned by the company. Also, the shareholders cannot be held responsible for any of the acts of the company. The two are two persons in the eye of law. Common seal: A joint stock company has a â€Å"seal†, which is used while dealing with others or entering into contracts with outsiders. It is called a common seal as it can be used by any officer at any level of the organization working on behalf of the company. Any document, on which the companys seal is put and is duly signed by any official of the company, becomes binding on the company. For example, a purchase manager may enter into a contract for buying raw materials from a supplier. Once the contract paper is sealed and signed by the purchase manager, it becomes valid. The purchase manager may leave the company or may be removed from his job or may have taken a wrong decision, yet, the contract is valid till a new contract is made or the existing contract expires. Perpetual existence: A joint stock company continues to exist as long as it fulfills the requirements of law. It is not affected by the death, lunacy, insolvency or retirement of any of it’s investors. For example, in case of a private limited company having four members, if all of them die in an accident, the company will â€Å"not† be closed. It will continue to exist. The shares of the company will be transferred to the legal heirs of the members. Limited liability: In a joint stock company, the liability of a member is limited to the amount he has invested. While repaying debts, for example, if a person has invested only Rs. 10,000 then only this amount that he has invested can be used for the payment of debts. That is, even if there is liquidation of the company, the personal property of the investor can not be used to pay the debts and he will lose his investment worth Rs. 10,000. Democratic management: Joint stock companies have democratic management and control. Since in joint stock companies there are thousands and thousands of investors, all of them cannot participate in the affairs of management of the company. Normally, the investors elect representatives from among themselves known as ‘Directors’ to manage the affairs of the company. Advantages of Joint Stock Company Large financial resources: A joint stock company is able to collect a large amount of capital through contributions from a large number of people. In a public limited company, shares can be offered to the general public to raise capital. The companies can also accept deposits from the public and issue debentures to raise funds. Greater permanency: The life of a joint stock company compared to the partnership is very stable . if the business remains well managed ,it can live on indefinitely . the share holders may come or go ,the life of the company like an ‘ artificial person’is least affected by these changes Limited liability: In case of a joint stock company, the liability of its members is limited to the value of shares held by them. Private property of members cannot be confiscated for overcoming the debts of the company. This advantage attracts many people to invest their savings in the company and it encourages the company to take more risks. Professional management: Management of a company is in the hands of the directors, who are elected democratically by the members or shareholders. These directors are known as the Board of Directors. They manage the affairs of the company and are accountable to all the investors. So, the investors elect capable persons who have sound financial, legal and business knowledge to the board so that they can manage the company efficiently. Large-scale production: Since there is an availability of large financial resources and technical expertise, it is possible for the companies to have large-scale production. This enables the company to produce more efficiently and at a lower cost. Research and development: Only in joint stock company form of business, it is possible to invest a lot of money on research and development so that new design, better quality products, etc. can be achieved. Huge capital: Capital is increased in joint stock company as compared to partnership and sole proprietorship Higher profit: Due to availability of latge capital ,the company installs expensive and ptodate machinery thus there is greater production of goods, the cost is reduced and the firm can earn higher profit ti producing better quality of goods. Spread of risk : In a company form of organization, the risk is distributed among the large number of shareholders. Bold management : This type of organization can undertake big risks which sole proprietorship or pa rtnership form of organization cannot do. Disadvantages of Joint Stock Company Difficult to form: The formation registration of joint stock company involves a long and complicated procedure. A number of legal documents and formalities have to be completed before a company can start business. The process of formation requires the services of specialists such as chartered accountants, company secretaries, etc. Because of all this, the cost of formation of a company is very high. Excessive government control: Joint stock companies are regulated by government through the Companies Act and other economic legislations. Especially, public limited companies are required to complete various legal formalities as provided in the Companies Act and other legislations. Non-compliance with these causes a heavy penalty. This affects the smooth functioning of the companies. Delay in policy decisions: Generally policy decisions are taken at the â€Å"Board of Directors† meetings of the company. Further, the company has to fulfill certain procedural formalities. These procedures are time consuming and therefore, may delay action on the decisions. Double taxation: The joint stock company is subject to double taxation . it pays tax on its earnings to the government . the tax is also paid by the share holders on the receipt of dividend from the company. Exploitation of shareholders: The shareholders of a company mostly remain unknown to one another . hey seldom attend the annual meetings. Favouritism and nepotism: The directors ,managers etc employ their near and dear ones at the key positions of the company who may or may not be fit for the assigned responsibilities Stock exchange speculation: The joint stock company facilitates speculation in shares at stock exchanges. The reckless speculation is harful to the interes of the share holders and for sound investment . Lack of secrecy: The management has to make an annual report regarding sales , net profits’ assets liabilities etc of the company . the competitors thus gain full knowledge of strong and weak points of the company . ,